In general, the study found out that the most common bacteria and fungus prevalence in leather are Micrococcus , Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Aspergillus spp, Trichoderma and Penicillium spp . Some are non-harmful and do not cause infections in humans.

How microorganisms are used in industry?

In large-scale industrial processes, microbes are widely used to synthesize a number of products valuable to human beings. There are numerous industrial products that are derived from microbes such as: Food additives. Vaccines and other Antibiotics to kill or retard the growth of disease-causing microbes.

What are the raw materials used in leather industry?

Leather is a by-product – the main sources of raw material for the leather industry world-wide are cattle (including buffalo), sheep, goats and pigs, which are reared specifically for the production of meat, wool and/or dairy products.

How are enzymes used in leather making?

Enzymes can be applied during different steps of the leather production process: soaking, dehairing, bating, dyeing, degreasing or in effluent and solid waste treatment. This study evaluated the performance of five commercial enzymes in soaking and unhairing/liming by comparing the chemical and coenzymatic processes.

What are 5 helpful microorganisms?

Useful Microorganisms include: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, L. plantarum, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Corynebacteria.

How is the leather industry good for the environment?

Fortunately the leather industry makes use of these hides to process it further and make leather. Although the leather industry takes care of this environmental problem and generates employment, the processing of hide to leather itself generates a fair amount of pollutants.

How is biotechnology affecting the making of leather?

One has to understand the different steps in conventional leather processing and co-relate it to how biotechnology impacts each of these steps. There are three distinct stages of leather processing, namely, preparation for tanning, tanning, and finishing. Each of these stages involves several other steps.

How are proteases used in the leather industry?

Proteases are used in dehairing and dewooling of leather, and improve its quality (cleaner and stronger surface, softer leather, less spots). Lipases are used in this phase or in bating phase to specifically remove grease.

How are bacteria used in the brewing industry?

Anaerobic sugar fermentation reactions by various bacteria produce different end products. The production of ethanol by yeasts has been exploited by the brewing industry for thousands of years and is used for fuel production. Specific bacteria carry out the oxidation of alcohol to acetic acid in the production of vinegar.